What is Philosophy
origins of philosophy in ancient Greece
main divisions of philosophy
metaphysics
epistemology
value theory
logic
how to understand&evaluate worldviews
起源
三大分支
逻辑
如何理解和批判不同的思想
How to Argue
理性、感情、欲望
演绎推理
Leonardo DiCaprio&The Nature of Reality
洞穴神话
真实和表象
Cartesian Skepticism - Neo, Meet Rene
笛卡尔检查了自己的所有信念
局部怀疑
局部怀疑
I think, therefore, I am
笛卡尔的怀疑论
Locke， Berkeley，&Empiricism
Primary qualities
secondary qualities
To be is to be perceived.
经验主义对于怀疑论的回应
The Meaning of Knowledge
assertion
proposition
belief
justification
testimony
first person observation
传统的关于知识的定义
Gettier案例对传统定义的摧毁
瞎蒙对的题不算知识
Karl Popper,Science,&Pseudoscience
是预测未来还是用各种理由解释过去
科学求否定，伪科学求肯定
不会错的理论不是科学
对知识的洞见
Anselm&the Argument for God
宗教哲学
对上帝必然存在的推理论证
然而可以论证任何事
上帝的存在性早期证明
今后一边学哲学一边学英语
一边学Crash Course一边学英语，结合GrammarlyAquinas&the Cosmological Arguments
Aquinas’ 4 arguments for the existence of god
cosmological arguments
Argument from Motion
The cause of the movement
Argument from Causation
Argument from Contingency
Argument from Degrees
Infinite regress
The video is about Aquians’s four Arguments for the existence of God. There should actually be five, with the final one being introduced in the next video. Also, the YouTuber critiques two errors in the Cosmological Arguments. First, the premise that there can’t be an infinite regress is questioned. Second, there is an issue with the logic of the argument itself—if everything must have a cause, then why is God exempt from this rule? If God can break the rule, why can’t other things? Does this reasoning seem valid?
Intelligent Design
Teleological Argument
purposeful
God is a world-maker
argument by analogy
A disanalogy
Why are some imperfect things created?
It doesn’t matter whether we can understand how something was created, the point is simply that it was.
Just because we don’t know there’s a purpose doesn’t mean there isn’t one.
but which purpose?
an alternative explanation for Condition B
probability, and Fine-Tuning Arguments
But we can’t know another condition.
The fifth Argument for the existence of God. And objections to it, and responses to those objections, and the responses to responses to the objections
What is God like?
Divine attributes
Omniscient
All-knowing
Omnipotent
All-powerful
Omnienevolent
Possessing perfect goodness
Omnitemporal
Existing in all places
Omnipresent
Existing at all times
Internally inconsistent
If God is omniscient, what does that mean for human free will?
Knowledge and causation aren’t the same thing.
Can God sin?
Sin is necessarily a failure.
Even though God might do something that would be a sin if a human did it, the idea of ‘sin’ simply doesn’t apply to God.
Is it equal for God to do a good thing and for God to do a thing?
If God is omnitemporal, how can God respond to us? If God knows what’s best, why would you want to change his mind?
Praying is asking God for something, but God has already made his choice, should God change it just to make us happy?
All this speculation of what God is like is just analogical predication.
The traditional five divine attributes. And the puzzles that they create for our understanding of God. And some possible solutions to those puzzles.
The Problem of Evil
The biggest problem in theism—the problem of evil
different theodicies
responses to theodicies
Why is there so much evil? And responses for the question
Anti-Vaxxers, Conspiracy Theories, & Epistemic Responsibility
epistemic responsibility
It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence
counterarguments: certain beliefs can be held morally, even if there’s nothing you can really point to, to back then up
options
live Dead: Can I imagine?
Forced Unforced: One of the two or another, It’s forecd.
Momentous Trivial: Can it make a huge difference in my life?
Live, forced, and momentous option
Clifford says it is always wrong to believe without sufficient evidence, but James says there are some exceptions—namely, religious, as long as it meets Live, forced, and momentous.
James’ core idea is that when rationality falls short, individuals are justified in choosing a belief if it enriches life or offers comfort. He called this the “right to believe” —a freedom to make existential choices in the face of uncertainty
Indiana Jones& Pascal’s Wager
Pragmatism
fideism
I belibve because i is absurd to believe
A bunch about religious pragmatism and Pascal’s Wager, and about fideism and Kideism and Kerkegaard’s leap to faith
Existentialism
Essence
Nihilism
Existentialism
Absurdity
We are born in absurdity, it’s up to us to determine who we are.
Authentically
Bad faith
Our choice—No matter what it is—Is the only true choice, provided that we make it authenitically, because it is Determined By the values we choose to accept
If the world is going to have any of the things most of us value—like justice and order—we’re going to put it there ourselves. Because, otherwise, those things wouldn’t exist.
Was I born with some purpose?
Perspectives on Death
socrates
He called the afterlife “Hades”
Epicurus
Death is the cessation of sensation, good and evil only make sense in terms of sensation. So, death is neither good nor evil.
YOLO
Thomas
FOMO
Sancitity of life
Quality of life
I can still live for another 80 years
Zhuanzi
Three perspectives on death
Batman & Identity
The ship of Theseus
Indiscernibility of identicals
Essential properties
Accidental properties
Nothing is identical to itself because everything—including both you and the river—is changing all the time
Fungibility
The different ways of understanding identity—including the Indiscernibility of Identicals, and essential and accidental properties. How does change affect identity, and how does time influence identity.
What makes an object the same over time.
Personal Identity
Body theory
Memory theory
Why is it actually something I should care about
Memory! Although the video didn’t mention it, I asked GPT about Psychological.